unit 8 task 4

Assignment 4:

In this report I am going to be talking to you about the changing face of technology affecting film and television industry’s today. Throughout this report I will be gaining knowledge of the changing face of technology and will have a better understanding of how it effects film and television industry’s today.

Satellite television

In the process of the television industry the satellite television was one of the very first, satellite television is a broadcasting service which sends signals to the satellite and then the satellite sends the signal to the audience through the areal dish which is connected to their TV and then the signal broadcasting program is available to view on the TV, satellite TV can provide homes with over hundreds of different channels to choose from worldwide. An example of a satellite television broadcaster is Sky where they offer a wide range of channels and send broadcasting signals around Europe.

Analogue television

A long time ago people use to own an antenna or an aerial in order to receive signals, this was known as analogue television however this method was very frustrating as there was a lot of hassle receiving the signals and setting up the antenna or aerial in the perfect location to receive a quality signal, by owning an antenna this could possibly mean you would lose part of the broadcasting time as the antenna will take quite a while in order to set up. Analogue TV only has only 4 channels and people would have to look through a TV guide in order to see the time table for what shows were going to be on at a certain time of the day.

Digital satellite

Moving on to our days we own digital satellite which has a high improved signal, better quality footage (High definition), faster, easier and can now reach out to a wider range of audiences as all ages are able to view and use it as well as it being accessible and available everywhere, one of the best things about digital satellite is the fact there are lots more choices available for people to watch, however one of the not so good things about digital satellite is the weather, micro waves can be absorbed by the rain and therefore your signal could be lost or very poorly due to weather conditions. Digital TV introduced the red button where the viewer could interact with the TV for example on Cartoon network if you pressed the red button on the remote you could play games on your TV.

Cable television

Cable television is another way to send programs to the viewer, this is done by using underground utilities or utility poles to send radio signals to the viewer and goes through a coaxial cable where the signal is then travelled by radio signals and is then received by the antenna above the TV and the watch about 500 different programs, cable television provides the viewer with a better connection speed and quality TV view. Cable TV didn’t have much interaction however it did have a wide range of channels you could browse and watch an example of cable TV provider is a broadcaster such as BT.

On demand

When a film is on demand this means the viewer can choose to watch the film whenever they please without having to wait for it on the channel time table, on demand features a load of videos which the viewer can select from along with any time access. On demand is very useful for people to enjoy and re watch their favourite programs or films whenever they please and will no longer have to worry about recording programs, or waiting till the show is on.

Film based

Film based technologies has developed rapidly over the years, helping improve film quality, for example the film “the Amazing Spider-Man” was created in 2002 and then had a remake of “the Amazing Spider-Man” in 2012 displaying updates and improvements to the technology advancements at the time when the film was made, when “the Amazing Spider-Man” was created in 2002 and 2012 both of the films were created using the very best advancements in film technology of the time. CGI which is known as computer generated image was also used in “the Amazing Spider-Man” to make the characters look more realistic than they were in the the earlier which also made the villian’s of the film look more evil than ever before, and finally another thing improved about “the Amazing Spider-Man” film was the use of slow motion and high definition zoom ins with improved lighting, graphics, effects and over all quality of the film. Other movies that were remade was Dawn of the Planet Apes which was originally created in 2001 and was remade in 2011, Dawn of the Planet Apes was remade using CGI to improve the realisms of the apes and improved the sound of the entire film, most of the films which were remade were mostly remade since they had a great story line and would bring in more profits. Another thing I want to point out was the use of 3D visual effects that made movies pop out of the screen and this technology was later developed to be used for 3D x-rays, CGI is also used by film makers so they can create more realistic creatures/behaviours and can also create massive explosions without causing damage to property. 3D and CGI is important to any film producers as it allows them to create the un thinkable and help bring the film to life, it also helps them earn even more profits as it is a hit with the audience as the new computer generated film bring more realisms and creativeness to the film and enhancing the features and detail of all the characters.

Interactive

Television has become more interactive with the viewer as television has advanced, in todays world you are able to interact with the television by using your remote. For example Sky allows the viewer to press a red button on their remote which allows them to play fun active games on their television, you could also press the blue button on the remote which allows you to tag any channel that you enjoy watching and will allow you to jump straight to them. Interactive within television allows the viewer to get more out of their box as it bring more power and control towards the audience. By being Interactive this also allows producers to develop and improve their channels to obtain more viewers, for example Cartoon Network allows kids to press the red button in order to play games and interact with the show more. People can also interact with the television more by not only by using their remote they could connect their phones or have a touch screen television that allows you to control what you watch, in this case if you lost the remote you can still interact with you television. Interacting with programs has also improved, for example on “I’m a celebrity get me outa here” you can call in to vote for your favourite camp mate to keep them on the show, this allows other companies to earn profits as they earn money by people calling in.

Internet

The internet has progressed over the years and is essential for promoting a film. The internet is used from all around the world and is a great source to help spread trailers on different websites such as You Tube and the internet movie data base also known as IMDB. Users of the internet can brows the web searching for sneak peeks of new films, what the film is going to be about, what actors/actresses are going to star in the film in order to get more people interested in the new release film. On the other hand people could upload spoilers of the film which could ruin secrets and mysteries of the stores and would ruin the whole movie experience, this could damage the market. Publicity isn’t always good, this is because people could spread rumours and bad vibes about the film, and will be almost impossible to track it down to get it removed. Some other television companies such as Sky even own their own website called Sky Go where people are allowed to view and watch any program they recorded or wanted to catch up on and they can view it on other device such as an iPhone or computer, For example if you missed a program on ITV you could go to the ITV Hub where you can watch the latest programs to catch up as it shows you all the content which has been uploaded lately, this lets the viewers watch films and television and also lets the company know if it’s a popular or not so popular show. The viewers can also sign up to the website in order to get a subscription to the website, by doing this the audience is aloud to stream any program or film which the company releases. The internet can also be bad as people could upload pirated copies of the film and may upload the video to You Tube without a copy right causing a loss in profits for the film company as people wont pay to watch the film and can view it for free, but most of these videos that have no copy right are being forced to take down the video and could be sued. Piracy is a big problem with film industries as a massive amount of researching has to be done in order to track down and stop any pirate videos from being leaked. Companies like the BBC are willing to make programmes available online first before shown on television however this could make television less popular as you could see it first online.

High definition

High definition can be reference to high definition TV, HD DVD, HiDef, Blue ray disks, HD video and even high definition audio, when talking about visual effects on high definition the quality of the video will depend on the amount of pixels included in the video, an example of this is YouTube who current high definition is 1080p, YouTube’s lowest amount of pixels is 240p which isn’t good quality, lately YouTube has even added 1080i to their videos to brings high definition interlaced videos to the public. In today’s world HD TV are extremely popular on the market as it has the best quality detail videos containing a lot of pixels, HD equipment is even used for filming within the film industry to create the best visuals used to seek out important detail to make the film look stunning from not only in cinemas but also from the comfort of your home, I personally think High definition has come a long way in the film industry providing the viewers with quality audio and videos and will continue to improve the visual effect and audio effect for the future.

Streaming content

Streaming is when someone broadcast content that can be viewed by other people using internet from anywhere around the world, For example ITV iPlayer is a website/app that streams programs on ITV, if you were unfortunate to miss a favourite show you could still view it on catch up. On the ITV iPlayer you could search for your favourite program, read a description of new programs or even find out what is the most popular show.

The advancement of streaming gives power to the audience allowing them to watch whatever the would like and whenever they want on any device which is connected to the internet. By streaming this makes it hardly impossible to even miss a show you want to watch. There are also film streaming companies such as Netflix that allow you to brows and watch any film whenever you want as long as you pay a monthly or yearly fee membership. It isn’t possible to add up the amount of televisions watching a specific channel however on a webpage this can keep track of how many people have visited or viewed a specific page. The down side to streaming is that it could be used to make pirated videos, however companies such as Netflix will pay a fee to the producers for using their video on their website.

Digital record

Digital recording is a new way for people to view programs and films. On Demand will require you to have internet in order to watch the content however with digital recordings this does not require internet to view the content. For example Sky + is a way for Sky customers to record programs or films. You could even use Sky + to link your recorded videos for example “the Walking dead” comes on at 9:00pm and you wish to further record the series as soon as it airs you can link the series so you record all the series until it finishes, so if the new episode is on next week you can have it ready recorded and can view it after its been recorded the day it releases. After the Sky customer has recorded a video they could watch it at any time, since the program/ film has been recorded the viewer can rewind, pause, play or even fast forward the program or film, this is very useful to skip the adverts. However digital recording can be a problem especially if there is a clash as you can’t record two programs at the same time meaning you will have to stop one recording. There are also newer ways to record programs and film without being home, if you are out you could use your iPhone or laptop to record a program directly to your box set, however to be able to do this you would need to log into your personal Sky account and record any programme while you are out and about. The ability to record your programs has a big effect on the viewers as they will no longer need to wait for the program to come on, they won’t miss out on their favourite show and don’t need to be by their TV to record it with a DVD recorder as they can do it by using their phones. Advertising may be less effective now as the viewer doesn’t have to watch the adverts and can fast forward them however the advertisers have come up with a technique where the viewer can tell what each and every advert is by advertising a single shot with the companies logo, this then lets the viewer see what’s being advertised in less detail.

Pay per view

Pay per view is a private telecast that sell their event to be viewed by the customer (person paying to view the event), the broadcasting company would then show the event to anyone who has put an order into watch it. A very popular Pay per view example is Sky’s Now TV, Now TV allows anyone to pay for an event they want to view even if they are not Sky customers, Sky also mentioned Now TV can be accessed anywhere within UK and can view the content on any platform device and any broadband.

Research Links:

Satellite television: http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/satellite-tv.htm

Analogue television: https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-analog-television-1846859

Digital satellite: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Satellite_Service

Cable television: https://www.broadbandchoices.co.uk/guides/tv/cable-tv

On demand: https://tv.help.sky.com/ondemand/setup

Film based: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_base

Interactive: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television

Internet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_television

High definition: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition

Streaming content: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/streamin.htm

Digital record: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_recording

Pay per view: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view

Unit 8: Assignment 3 Limitations and Obligations

Limitations and obligations report

In this report I am going to be talking about contractual, legal, employment legalisation and ethical obligation where I will be explaining each one

Contracts

Contracts: is a contact agreement between two different parties and what this means is that both parties will have to follow the contract agreement and exchange something that they agreed on in order to receive, an example of this would be a contract between an actor and a film studio, their contract would be £10,000 to pay for the actor to work for 6 months as well as being able to use their identity to show to others, in exchange the actor will receive £10,000 and will need to give time to the studio to perform his/her services for the film studios film.

Why have one?

 In a contractual agreement you would be given a working pattern which explains when you have to work and how much you will be paid, this agreement is used to make sure the agreement doesn’t get broken by either party.

Confidentiality

When contracts are signed between an employee and an employer they must be confidential as if the contract gets broken the person that broke the contract could face legal consequences. Contracts must be confidential to keep an employee’s private information and details safe and is not allowed to be viewed or shown to anyone publicly without their consent. A confidential contract can also help keep film industry markets safe is in a contract they could state you must not leak any endings or film plot to the public before the film is released, if the plot or ending gets link this could damage profits and the success rate of the film and makes the film less enjoyable for the public with no surprises and could cause you to face legal consequence actions by the film studio as you have broken the confidential contract.

Legal obligation

Legal obligations: Legal obligation is a duty which is then enforced by a court law and what this means is you will need to follow the court law agreement otherwise harsh consequences can be put into place and you would be breaking the law, so therefore you must carry out and do exactly what the court law states. For example if a film studio had a legal obligation against them to pay their camera crew wages that has been promise which has not yet been paid, the film studio must immediately pay them as they would be breaking the law and if they still didn’t pay them the amount of money due the film studio would be taken to court or the trade union would get involved and make the film studio pay the camera crew.

Laws and procedures

Laws and procedures must be obeyed and followed by everyone in the company, for example ITV cannot be viewed by the public if the company does not use any procedures, policies or obey any laws and acts. A commonly known act which they must follow is the Race Relation Act 1976, this act was put in place to help prevent discrimination in a work place and this act prevents discrimination of skin colour, ethnicity, race, religions/beliefs and nationality. The 1976 act helps protect employees from being mistreated and is there to stop people from getting bullied because of a their race, the 2000 Race Relation Amendment act is the later amendments for the 1976 act which forces the company to provide the public authority with their procedures and policy’s to be reviewed and could be edited to help race promotion equality occur along with to terminate discrimination within the film company. For example in a film and television industry they must consider unlawful discrimination and must do what it takes to prevent any kind of racial discrimination from happening within the company.

One of the other acts that made a big impact on film industries was the Broadcasting Act 1990 which was created for employers to obey along with the later amendments, the 1990 act had a huge impact on ITV as this act had restrictions for ownership of the ITV franchise meaning the ITV had to put their franchises up for sale and will only be awarded partly by financial grounds, it also required ITV regional to give 25% of the ITV production to independent producers. The ITV network centre also demanded that the programs from the franchise holders are to be released on ITV national network. The television commission was used to regulate every television service inside UK, with an anomaly of the BBC, and then there was a loss in sales on Chanel 5 and ITV advertisement. After the amendment that was created in 1996, Channel 5 was the last analogue channel created before the digital explosion happened and before this happened analogue channels were always programming on at the same time pattern on every day and every week.

Continuing adhering and following a set of laws act this is where the regulatory bodies come into place, the regulatory bodies examine broadcasts and determine wherever or not they can be aired or screened, Ofcom and the BBFC are two of the most well-known regulatory bodies. The BBFC receives funding from film industries and is a non-governmental organisation. The BBFC is responsible for censoring any explicit or inappropriate films and broadcasts that may cause distress to people as well as being responsible for the national classification of films and broadcasts within UK. The BBFC and Ofcom are expected to stop/classify any films, DVD and even video games from being released due to the content of the video game not meeting the requirements, the BBFC have the right to classify any films, DVD and video games due to the 2010 act and can only be accessed by an age certificate to prove your age is appropriate. The BBFC main task is to keep children safe and help protect them from viewing content which could have an impact on how they act in life. The BBFC certificate ages are U, PG, 12A, 15 and 18. Ofcom on the other hand Ofcom is the communication regulator, Ofcom job is to regulate radios, TV, mobiles, airwaves, postal services and fixed line telecoms. Ofcom duties are to protect people within UK to help stop any scams or sharp practices while allowing competition to grow and is also there to make sure we get the very best from Ofcom communication services. Ofcom work around the communication act 2003 which clearly states all the roles in which Ofcom must do and they must stick to it without adding or subtracting any duties from the communication act 2003. A few of Ofcom duties are to interest citizens of UK, making sure the service has 100% effort in all the tasks they do and lastly they must also help enforce the law. Ofcom receive income from fees of regulating broadcasting and communication networks, as well as a grant given by the government.

Ethical obligation

Ethical obligations: Ethical obligation is when someone has to do a specific task while think about what’s ethical and what’s un-ethical, this could include feelings, religion, laws ect, for example if a person was filming a scene with people in the back ground and they do not have permission to feature them in the film, the ethical obligation would be to ask them for permission to use their identity or blur the background out to protect their identity.

Codes of practice

Codes of practice can cause legal trouble for producers if they are not followed and therefore must be obeyed, an example of a film that had to face legal issues because they didn’t follow the codes of practice was a film called Gangster Squad, in this film the producers didn’t send out any notification to the police about using a fake weapon which then the police took legal actions against them. Every producer must understand ethical obligation along with beliefs and culture of people around the world, and therefore must make sure their content doesn’t offend anyone’s gender, age, ethnicity and race. One major issue that most people get offended by is stereotypes and racism as it can have an impact on how people perform around someone from a different ethnic group. Stereotypes is when someone makes an assumption of someone with no evidence to back it up and this could offence to ethnic minority groups. If codes of practice never existed there would be loads of programs that could offend people as there would be no guidelines or rules to follow. The BBC must always be aware of what they show on TV especially in the television programs, an example of a television programme is EastEnders where they must make sure the characters and scenes are depicted as suitable for the audience so the BBC won’t receive any complaints, the BBC also aims to produce shows which every ethnic group can relate to in order to bring in a wide range of audiences as well as making it suitable for everyone. The BBC also makes sure that their company provides equal opportunities for everyone, for example a man named Ricky Singh was employed as an assistant for the BBC and he is disabled. The BBC codes of practice are set to one of the highest standards of integration, objectivity and impartiality which people rely on. Lastly the BBC also has a set of guidelines which must be attended to and they are the BBC primary rights, commercial exploitation, audience interaction, multiplatform, programme prices, ethical standards and opportunities, annual review, editorial control, indicative tariffs, development, dispute resolution, business affairs and finally payment for programmes.

Employment legalization

Employment legislation: The employment legalization is a law that must be obeyed by employers and regulates a relationship between the employer and employee. In the employment legalization this covers rights for employees and this includes children and young persons (under 18), contract of employment, disciplinary, disabilities, dismissals, discriminating at work, employment law UK, employment tribunal, equality act 2010, fixed term employment, flexible working hours, industrial action, maternity leave, national minimum wage 2016/17, pension, wages, workers vs self-employed, working time regulations and written statement of employment. All of these come under employment legalization and are used to protect the employee from work abuse and equality for the employee and the employer.

Health and safety

The Health and Safety at work act 1974 was put in place to help support the employees, the health and safety act covers jobs that could potentially include any risks that could have an effect on an individual for jobs such as lifting, electricity and computer. The health and safety act was created to secure the health and safety requirements of all employees. An example of this act is if a film studio was in production and an employee got hurt during a film shoot this would have a major impact on the film studio company who have failed to meet the health and safety requirements and could have legal obligations against them and could be sued.

Equal opportunities and equality

The equal opportunity act was put in to action to provide equal opportunity for everyone and the equality act was put into place to prevent discrimination in the work facility. Equal opportunity and equality help give employees a fair chance on receiving promotions within the work facility. These acts covers various ethnic groups, gender, race, part time/fix term contracts, disabilities, nationality, age and many more, for example if someone was on a part time contract they would be eligible to a promotion just like someone who is on a fixed term contract, if a company doesn’t oblige these rules they are then breaking the law and can be sued as well as given a bad reputation.

Employee rights

The employee rights act gives power to the employees and allows employees to have requests for a flexible working pattern and time and an equal minimum pay rate. The employee rights act can also cover being allowed to join a trade union, the trade union job is to resolve any conflict or arguments in the work place between the employer and employee and help them both come to an agreement that they both must follow, the trade union could also come up with a new style of management for the employer to help ease stress on the employees and the employees must take more responsibilities for their actions. If the company doesn’t provide its employees with rights then they could face harsh consequences with the trade union. For example if an employee wasn’t being paid the minimum wage they could visit the BECTU website (the BECTU website is a trade union that gives rights for people working in the media industry where they can allocate their minimum wage pay rate) and contact them for support to get in touch with their manager to pay the employee the correct minimum wage, if the manager refuses this could lead to very strict legal issues.

Intellectual property

The intellectual property Law protects things such as copy right, this law has been put in place to prevent anyone using/stealing credit of someone else’s work, for example trade mark copy right gives ownership to the creator of the trade mark and can prevent anyone else from using it. People who don’t have ownership of the trade mark can ask for a copy right to be able to use it since they have permission. If intellectual property is used and a person uses the intellectual property without the creators permission the creator is allegeable to sue the person who has used the intellectual property without permission. Copy right could also occur between countries for example the shop Iceland Is currently in court for using the country Iceland name as their trade mark and could cause the shop Iceland to change their name. The copy right law was also put in place to protect a brand image so its market reputation is also protected from anyone who wants to steal the intellectual property.

Conclusion

In conclusion I fully understand and explained contracts, employment legalisation, ethical codes of practice and legal broadcasting. I have completed my research on the topics and have a great understanding knowledge of legal obligations.

Limitations and Obligations

Research for my report

Contractual obligations:

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwi1rpWPipnQAhVFKMAKHeNEC-QQFgglMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legalmatch.com%2Flaw-library%2Farticle%2Fcontract-obligations.html&usg=AFQjCNE2q51BgY-yS-HQGKmqj1l6laURsA&bvm=bv.138169073,d.ZGg

http://www.lawcentreni.org/data-protection.html

https://www.rocketlawyer.com/document/exclusivity-agreement.rl#/

Legal obligations:

http://thelawdictionary.org/legal-obligation/

http://www.healthyworkinglives.com/advice/Legislation-and-policy/Workplace-Health-and-Safety/health-safety-legislation

http://www.stcatz.ox.ac.uk/equal-opportunities/equal-opportunities-equality-legislation

https://www.copyrightservice.co.uk/copyright/uk_law_summary

https://www.unison.org.uk/about/what-we-do/about-trade-unions/

Ethical obligations:

https://www.reference.com/world-view/definition-ethical-obligation-a1bb89f13aa062f4#

https://www.shef.ac.uk/hr/guidance/equalityact2010

http://www.nlc.org/Documents/NLC-RISC/2013%20Trustees%20Conference/Trustees%202013%20Emerging%20Social%20Media%20FINAL%205-17.pdf

https://www.amnesty.org.au/racial-discrimination-act-the-two-minute-version/?gclid=CKTT1ZPl39ACFa277Qod4W4Hlw

Legal:

http://www.concordmedia.org.uk/categories/equality-diversity-race-relations/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_Act_1990

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/7-8/66/contents

http://www.bbfc.co.uk/what-classification

https://www.ofcom.org.uk/

Unit 8 Assignment 2 Who's who

Job roles in the TV and film undustry from charliebunn25